BUOYANCY

BUOYANCY

DEFINITION OF BUOYANCY

Buoyancy is defined as the upward thrust acting in the opposite direction to the force of gravity. The more deeply immersed you are in water, the less you weigh; when immersed to hip height in water, you weigh only 50% of your weight on land.

Many fish control their buoyancy through gas filled bladders. Enlarging the bladder by adding gas enlarges the whole fish slightly and so increases the amount of water pushed out of the way. This increases the buoyancy and makes the fish rise.

Some fish which live at a shallow depth can increase the gas content of their swim bladders by gulping air at the surface. Other fish that live at a greater depth have a gas gland to produce gas and a resorption area to remove it.

Whether a fish floats or sinks depends on two forces. The fish is pushed upwards by a force equal to the weight of water it displaces. This is the force which causes buoyancy. The second force is gravity which pulls the fish downwards.

If the buoyancy force is greater than the force of gravity, the fish rises. If the forces are equal, the fish remains at the same level.

Submarines can control the amount of air and or water in ballast tanks to control their buoyancy in the ocean.

The human body only just floats, because the force of gravity and the buoyancy force are almost the same. To increase your buoyancy force, one can wear a life jacket. A life jacket becomes part of your body without adding much to your weight. In the water, your life jacket displaces a lot of water to increase the upward buoyancy force . the life jacket helps you to float higher out of the water.

 

The buoyant property of water is used in rehabilitation therapy to assist in movement, as resistance to movement, and to support movement on the water’s surface. In simpler terms, buoyancy lets participants experience a partial floating feeling when they enter the pool. When a person is in water, the water will naturally want to push the person up. This is particularly helpful to someone who does not want to place their entire body weight on an affected joint or body part. The deeper the person goes in the water, the less weight they will have to support with their own body.

The center of buoyancy is defined as the center of all buoyancy force movements. The human center of buoyancy is in the mid-chest. The center of gravity is a point at which all force movements are in equilibrium. The human center of gravity is located in the pelvic area, although the exact location can shift when the body is in different positions.

When both centers are aligned vertically, we can perform flotation. When the points are not aligned vertically, a rotational force result. This rotational force can help you to maintain an upright, head-out posture during aquatic therapy. These same forces also affect your limbs and become a vector continuum as the limb moves through water. 

Archimedes' Principle

The Mathematics and Science of Buoyancy

The Buoyant Force is a very characteristic force that acts upon all submerged bodies. This is how Archimedes' Principle explains buoyancy:

“A body immersed in a liquid, either wholly or partially, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the body."

The following mathematical equation is based on Archimedes' Principle:

Submerged body buoyancy = displaced liquid weight minus body weight.

Therefore, we may conclude that:

The body will float if the buoyancy is positive

The body will be suspended if the buoyancy is neutral

The body will sink if the buoyancy is negative

A body immersed in seawater will, therefore, be buoyed up by a greater force than a body immersed in fresh water, so it is easier to float in seawater than in fresh water.

Fresh water density       = 28.3kg / 0.03m3

Seawater density            = 29kg / 0.03m3

The buoyancy of water can reduce your “weight” by about 90 percent depending on body composition, size, muscular structure and depth of water. For exercisers with lower body or spinal injuries, pregnant exercisers, people with fibromyalgia, and participants with physical limitations, the buoyancy of the water is a welcome benefit. The buoyancy also adds a challenge to exercisers to maintain control of their body position while in the water.

TARKWA BAY-NIGERIA (A REPORT)

 Led by Prof. D.I. Nwankwo

The field trip was held on the 29^th August 2012 and was led by Professor D.I Nwankwo, at which we departed at exactly 9:47am through the University of Lagos Lagoon jetty.

        The field work was at Tarkwa bay which lies at Lagos Island Nigeria and its geographical co-ordinates are 6⁰ 24 10^’’ North, 30⁰ 23^’’ 39^’’ East. The Ave. elevation (DEM) 11m (36ft)

Time zone: Africa/ Lagos UTC/GMT + 01:00’

(According to Google 3D map).

        The place is inhabited by the three main tribes of Nigeria, the Hausas, Ibos and Yorubas and their main means of survival are through fishing, boating, and tourism and mini trades.

        At the field trip Professor D.I. Nwankwo taught us that Tarkwa bay is the only bay in Nigeria and it is an artificial bay (man-made) (a bay is a body of water surrounded by Land, a bay is the opposite of a peninsula), it was constructed by the Nigerian government to protect the Apapa wharf from wave action because waves are induced by wind. The government also created a mole to protect the jetty from getting shallow because when it is shallow there is no way ships can enter, it only berth’s there.

We have three types of moles, which are;

1.  Victoria mole

2.  East mole

3.  Training mole

The Western mole faces the sea. According to professor Nwankwo, the sea have 3 conditions, they are

1.  The sea must have no birds on it

2.  It must be free from debris

3.  It must be blue.

Mangroves found at the bay are the;

White mangrove- langucularia avicennia

Red mangrove- Rhizophora mangle, Rhizophora racemosa and rhizophora Harriosoni.

Black mangrove- Avicennia Africana

Red mangrove acts as a barrier which possess a pneumatophore(breathing root).

Black mangrove props out it root.

The lagoon is just like a sink where Lagoons from other state flush into, that’s the reason why it has this brownish colouration and contains a lot of debris. Sand from bar beach deposits at Tarkwa bay and its causes aggregation. Eco-Atlantic city was created by the Nigeria government because Tarkwa bay was protruding into the sea; it is the part facing the sea.

Tarkwa bay is so sandy that plant can’t grow on it, except for insects that burrow into it; the insects are called the sand binders, because they transform the sandy soil into land with the aid of their humus and holds the sand together.

        The fine sand is also much more comfortable to walk and lie on, Tarkwa bay is the only maintained beach in Lagos, it is only accessible by boat, it also has a safe bathing even for children.

        It was a pleasant outing.

OKAZI FESTIVAL IN EMII

EMII TOWN UNION (FED) LAGOS

THE OKAZI FESTIVAL IN EMII{IMO STATE}

Okazi akuruoche festival is an annual event the commenced centuries ago by “OCHE, he is the legendary father of Emii {OMENYI} and his ten sons continued these through ages.

“Okazi Akuruoche” is a feast to show the end of “Akuruoche” season which spans from the end of a farming season to the beginning of another farming season. This is from October to January of a new year. During this of “Akuruoche”, Emii people are required to keep absolute peace. They are forbidden from violence, fighting, quarreling and even litigations. During this period burials are done on a low key, with absolute absence of certain rites. The violation of these rules attracts the penalty of “Nde oha Akuruoche”. These are the old people in the area who represent “Oche” and his ten sons.

Oche is believed to be one of the early men, the wanderers that sojourned many forests and finally settled at the old Orie-emii forest. Although his genealogy could not be easily trace.

While in the forest the most important thing that gave Oche the greatest joy was the general presence of Okazi vegetables. He identified this vegetables in his early life, as a wanderer through a bird named “Okpo”. This bird is one of the largest  bird and it’s only found in thick forests. It’s food is mostly Okazi leaf, the wanderer watch at how the bird devoured this leaf and concluded that if the leaf was poisonous the bird would have died. Instinctively but cautiously too, oche plucked some Okazi leaves, tasted them and started eating them. The taste of the Okazi was so palatable as it was appetizing and nourishing. The more oche  ate the leaves the healthier he became. He then made it his best vegetable. The Okazi leaves looked very green, he ate this vegetables more than any other vegetables in his entire life. He was the first person tha discovered Okazi among all other vegetable to be special. He provided the adage that of all leaves in the forest it’s only Okazi leaf that was chosen. Before he died, he summoned all his ten sons and every body in his domain to his affairs.

To the ten sons “Oche“ said that he would give his blessings to them and give them parting gift.

To all his dependant i.e. those he acquired during hunting expeditions and inter communal wars, “Oche” promised libration but all these he said will take place on the condition that, there will be absolute peace and tranquility during the period now known as “AKURUOCHE” season.

The ten sons of Oche today has metamorphosed into ten villages in order of seniority. UMUORISHA, UMUDULU, NKPEHI, MGBAHIRI, UMUOLU, EZIALA, UMUEBE, UBAH, UMUAWUKA, and EMEOHE.   

Doctorpaul789@gmail.com 

+234-8165903550

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

A juvenile is a young person.

Juvenile delinquent is a young person who regularly commits crimes.

First, we need to know the meaning of crime; crime is a serious offense punishable by law.

when a youngster involves him/herself in crimes such as smoking, stealing taking hard drug, sexual immorality, violence and the likes of them all, that child is said to be juvenile delinquent, when such is the case, the child is usually taken to juvenile homes where their disorder is corrected or where they are disciplined.

WHO SHOULD BE BLAME?

The parent and the youngster are to be blamed.

REASON

With reference to the bible, the parent ought to train up their  children in the way they should go so that when they grow up, they will not depart from it. but recently, parents are doing otherwise, they pursue their career with keen interest, leaving their children out of their priorities. as a result of neglect, their children become adventurous and sometimes end up committing crimes in their quest to discovering things for themselves .

And to the youngster, it is said that 'show me your friend and i will tell you who you are' 

it will not be an over-statement to say that some youngsters end up becoming delinquent after despite the proper upbringing. this is due to PEER PRESSURE. probably to please their peers so as so to have to have a sense of belonging or to join what is in vogue and leave in crime. they do this ignorant of the fact that they're bringing destruction upon themselves.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, parents and their youngsters need to have a good relationship. the parents should pay attention to their youngsters and listen to them because most youngsters are highly inquisitive. The youngsters on the other hand, should learn to hake to instructions of their parents and live Godly and morally justified life. By so doing, they will attain their dreams and become a blessing, not a liability to the society at large.

DOCTOR PAUL

PAULODGOV2000@YAHOO.COM 

LETTER OF THE MONTH

 Dear January,

How is February and march. please tell April and may that June is very ill, but July has taken him to august hospital and there he met September. the nurse who took over his treatment, your friend, October lives near the hospital, please send my greeting to November.

It is I december.

GOVERNOR PAUL